methods for managing or controlling a well drilling operation and for drilling or treating a portion

专利摘要:
1/1 overview â € œmany to manage or control a well drilling operation and to drill or handle a portion of a wellâ €? o, or treatment of a well including the steps of: designing a fluid with high gravity solids (eg, barite); calculate the weight of precipitated slurry after allowing precipitation according to the formulas; forming a fluid according to the weight of precipitated slurry; and the introduction of fluid into the well. The methods can be used to help control the well or to prevent excessive drilling torque or pressure, recoil, or lost circulation due to solid precipitation. high gravity like barite.
公开号:BR112015014428A2
申请号:R112015014428
申请日:2013-12-05
公开日:2020-01-28
发明作者:E Jamison Dale；D Teke Kushabhau；D Kulkarni Sandeep；Savari Sharath
申请人:Halliburton Energy Services Inc；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

“METHODS TO MANAGE OR CONTROL A DRILLING OPERATION IN A WELL AND TO DRILL OR TREAT A PORTION OF A WELL”
CROSS REFERENCE FOR RELATED APPLICATIONS [001] This application claims priority of the Patent Application
Provisional No. 13 / 745,944, filed on January 21, 2013, entitled “Drilling a Well with Predicting Sagged Fluid Composition and Mud Weight”, which is incorporated in this document by reference, in its entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD [002] The inventions are in the field of the production of oil or natural gas from underground formations. More specifically, the inventions generally relate to methods of drilling a well with predicting particulate weighted material precipitated in drilling and other fluids that are weighted with particulate weighting material such as barite, hematite, iron oxide, manganese tetroxide, galena, magnetite, lilmenite, siderite, celesite or any combination of these. Such methods can be used, for example, to maintain well control while drilling a well.
FUNDAMENTALS [003] In general, well services include a wide variety of operations that can be performed on oil, gas, geothermal energy or water wells, such as drilling, cementing, completion and intervention, well services are designed to facilitate or increase the production of desirable fluids such as oil or gas or through an underground formation. A well service generally involves introducing a fluid into a well.
[004] Drilling is the process of drilling the well. After a portion of the well has been drilled, sections of steel tubing, known as casing, which are slightly smaller in diameter than the hole, are
2/57 placed at least in the highest portions of the well. The coating provides structural integrity to the recently drilled drilling well.
[005] The well is created by drilling a hole in the ground (or seabed) with a drilling rig that rotates a drilling column with a drill bit attached to the end downwards. Typically, the drilling well is anywhere from about 5 inches (13 cm) to about 36 inches (91 cm) in diameter. As upper portions are coated or lined, progressively smaller drill columns and drills must be used to pass through the upper linings or liners, whose steps in the drilling well descend to progressively smaller diameters.
[006] While drilling an oil or gas well, a drilling fluid is circulated at the bottom of the well through a drill pipe by a drill at the bottom end of the well out through the drill bit in the well and back up from the hole to the surface through the annular path between the drill pipe and the hole. The purpose of the drilling fluid is to lubricate the drilling column, maintain hydrostatic pressure in the well and make cuts in the well rock.
[007] The drilling fluid can be water-based or oil-based. Oil-based fluids tend to have better lubrication properties than water-based fluids, however, other factors can mitigate in favor of using a water-based drilling fluid.
[008] In addition, the drilling fluid can be viscosified to help suspend and cut rock from the well. Rock cuts can vary in particle size from silt size to pieces measured in centimeters. Load capacity refers to the ability of a circulating drilling fluid to transport fluid from stone debris outside a well. Other terms for load capacity include the ability to clean the orifice and lift debris.
3/57 [009] Both dissolved and undissolved solids can be chosen to help increase the drilling fluid density. An example of an undissolved weighting agent is barite (barium sulfate). The density of a drilling mud can be much higher than typical seawater or even higher than high-density brines, due to the presence of suspended solids. The weight of pure water is approximately
8.3 ppg (990 g / 1), while mud weights can vary from about 6 ppg (720 g / 1) to about 22 ppg (2600 g / 1).
[0010] Precipitate of particulate weight material, such as barite precipitate, has been a poorly understood phenomenon, especially in oil-based sludge (OBM). Oil-based sludge is normally used in moderate and high pressure and temperature environments. Precipitate can cause unwanted density variations in the circulating fluid, leading to well stability or well control problems. Precipitation is also a cause for concern in highly deviated, directional and ERD (extended reach drilling) wells, and experiments have shown that the greatest precipitation influences occur on 20 ° to 60 ° wellbore slopes in relation to the horizontal.
[0011] Large density variations created by precipitation can create well management problems and may even result in well failure. In addition, fluid precipitation can lead to sticking of drill pipes, difficulty in restarting or maintaining adequate fluid circulation, possible loss of circulation and disproportionate disposal of the well of lighter fluid components.
[0012] The issue becomes serious for highly deviated and complex wells. The ability to predict the weight of precipitated fluid sludge would be a crucial step in determining changes in torque, pump pressures and bottom hole pressure excursions when the flow is restarted due to a precipitation event.
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SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0013] There is a need for experimental and empirical methods to understand the precipitation of high gravity solids for different fluid compositions and in different well environments and under different flow conditions in a well. The determination of a dynamic mud weight profile in a well, especially a precipitated fluid mud weight, is crucial as it could help to understand and avoid excessive drilling torque or back pressure or circulation lost due to precipitation.
[0014] In an embodiment according to the invention, a method of managing or controlling a well drilling operation is provided, the method which includes the steps of:
(A) obtain initially uniform mud composition and weight of a drilling fluid;
(B) obtaining well flow conditions in the operating well, including in-trip and out-trip timing, pipe rotation rate and drilling fluid circulation rate (C) estimating an equivalent initial circulation density for the drilling fluid based on the initial uniform mud weight of the drilling fluid;
(D) estimate or experimentally determine an obstruction fluid mud weight (MW ^S ) for the drilling fluid;
(E) reassess a subsequent equivalent circulation density based on estimated MW ^S ; and (F) modify the drilling fluid or flow conditions of the well to manage or control the well or avoid a difference in equivalent circulation density greater than 0.05 ppg in the well, or preferably to avoid a greater equivalent circulation density than 0.1 ppg.
5/57 [0015] In another embodiment according to the invention, a method of drilling or treating a portion of a well is provided, the method which includes the steps of:
(A) creating or obtaining a fluid comprising the following components:
(i) a continuous oil phase;
(ii) an internal water phase;
(iii) one or more particulate high gravity solids, where the high gravity solids are insoluble in the oil phase and in the water phase; and optionally, (iv) one or more low-gravity particulate solids, wherein the low-gravity solids are insoluble in the oil phase and in the water phase;
(B) determine:
pl * ¢ 7
MW ¹ = Σ ^JJ where MW ¹ is the weight of the fluid slurry when it is initially uniform;
where pj ¹ is the density of each component of the fluid when it is initially uniform; and where φ / is the volume fraction of each component of the fluid when it is initially uniform;
(C) predict an obstructed sludge weight from an obstructed portion of the fluid such as:
p ^s * ^ í ^s
MW ^S = Σ JJ where MW ^S is the weight of clogged fluid sludge from an obstructed portion of the fluid after allowing time to precipitate into the fluid of high gravity solids, when the fluid is in low shear conditions or no shear;
where pj ^s for each of the components of the precipitated portion
6/57 is selected to be adjusted to a design temperature and pressure in the well portion, or where pj ^s for each of the components of the selected precipitated portion to be within about 30% of the pj ¹ of each of the components of fluid, respectively, or, preferably where pj ^s for each of the components of the precipitated portion is selected to be anywhere within about 20% of the pj ¹ of each fluid component, respectively, or additionally, preferably where pj ^s for each of the components of the precipitated portion is selected to be approximately equal to pj ¹ of each component of the fluid (in this case, the density of the individual components is selected not to change);
where φ / is the volume fraction of each component of the precipitated portion, where:
the ratio of φ / for each of the high gravity solids to φ / for the water phase is selected to be within 20% of the rate of taxa / for each of the high gravity solids for φ / for the phase water , respectively, or preferably the ratio of φ / for each of the high gravity solids to φ / for the water phase is selected to be approximately equal to the ratio of φ / for each of the high gravity solids to φ / for the water phase, respectively;
φ / for each of the low gravity solids is selected to be anywhere in the range of 0 to 2 times φ / for each of the low gravity solids, respectively, or preferably φ / for each of the low gravity solids is selected to be anywhere in the range of 0.8 to 1.2 times of φ / each of the low gravity solids, or more preferably φ / for each of the low gravity solids is selected to be equal to φ / for each of the low gravity solids;
the sum of φ / for the water phase, φ / for each of the high gravity solids and φ / for each of the low gravity solids is selected to be anywhere in the range of 0.5 to 0.75, or preferably the
7/57 sum is selected to be anywhere in the range of 0.60 to 0.70, or more, preferably the sum is selected to be anywhere in the range of 0.63 to 0.68; and ο φ / for the oil phase is selected to be the balance between the volume fraction of the precipitated portion;
(D) designing or obtaining well flow conditions in the well;
(E) determine if the MW ^S is sufficient to control the well or is sufficient to avoid an equivalent circulation density greater than 0.05 ppg in the well, or preferably, avoiding an equivalent circulation density greater than 0.05 ppg in the well, or preferably to avoid an equivalent circulation density greater than 0.1 ppg;
(F) modify the drilling fluid or flow conditions to control the well or avoid an equivalent circulation density difference greater than 0.05 ppg in the well, or preferably avoid an equivalent circulation density greater than 0.1 ppg; and (G) flow the fluid into the well.
[0016] In one method (s) of the methods, the additional methods include the step of circulating the downhole of fluid in the well under low shear conditions, where precipitation in the fluid is likely to occur. As used here, low shear conditions are a circulation rate of less than 100 ft / min or drill pipe rotation speed less than 100 RPM anywhere in the well for at least about 1 hour.
[0017] These and other aspects of the invention will be evident to one skilled in the art when reading the following detailed description. While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, respective specific embodiments will be described in detail and presented by way of example. It should be understood, however, that it is not intended to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but, on the contrary, to
8/57 invention is to cover all modifications and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as expressed in the added claim.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES [0018] The attached drawing is incorporated in the specification to help illustrate examples according to the preferred mode currently most of the invention. It should be understood that the figures in the drawing are not necessarily to scale.
[0019] Figure 1 (a) is a simplistic scheme of a fluid with an initially uniform fluid density (mud weight ΛΑΕ) in a well.
[0020] Figure 1 (b) is a simplistic scheme of a fluid scenario obstructing the same well showing possibilities for a section with an initially uniform fluid having the density of the initially uniform fluid mud (MW}, a section of depleted mud having a weight of depleted sludge (MW ^d ) and a mud clog section having a weight of precipitated sludge (MJU).
[0021] Figure 2 is a barite scheme, fixing itself in a static aging cell.
[0022] Figure 3 is a flow chart illustrating a method of controlling a well including the benefit of the present invention.
Definitions and Uses
Interpretation [0023] The words or terms used in this document have their simple, common meaning in the matter of disclosure, except to the extent that they are explicitly and clearly defined in the disclosure or unless the specific context otherwise requires a different meaning.
[0024] OOOlThere is any conflict in the uses of a word or term in that specification and in one or more patents or other documents that may be incorporated into this document by reference, the definitions
9/57 that are consistent with this specification should be adopted.
[0025] The words comprising, containing, including, having and all respective grammatical variations are intended to have an open meaning, not a limitation. For example, a composition that includes a component does not exclude having additional components, an apparatus comprising a portion does not exclude having additional parts, and a method having a step does not exclude having additional steps. When such terms are used, compositions, apparatus and methods that essentially consist of or consist of the specified components, parts, and steps are specifically included and disclosed.
[0026] The indefinite articles one or one mean one or more of the component, part or step that introduces the article.
[0027] Whenever a numerical range with a lower limit and an upper limit is disclosed, any number and any included range that is within the range is also specifically disclosed. For example, at each range of values (in the form of a through b, or from about a to about b, or from about a to b, from approximately a to b, and any similar expressions, where a and b represent numerical values degree or measure) should be understood as representing each number and range encompassed within the broadest range of values.
[0028] It should be understood that the various algebraic variables used here are selected arbitrarily or according to the convention. Other algebraic variables can be used instead.
Oil and Gas Reservoirs [0029] In the context of producing a well, however, oil and gas are understood to refer to crude oil and natural gas, respectively. Oil and gas are naturally occurring hydrocarbons in certain underground formations.
[0030] The underground formation is a body of rock that has
10/57 sufficiently distinctive features and is sufficiently continuous for geologists to describe, map and name.
[0031] The underground formation containing oil or gas can be located under the ground or the seabed off the coast. Oil and gas reservoirs are typically located in the range of a few hundred feet (shallow reservoirs) to a few tens of thousands of feet (ultra-deep reservoirs) below the earth's surface or the seabed.
Wells and Fluids [0032] A well includes a wellhead and at least one wellhead from the wellhead that penetrates the earth. The well is the surface termination of a well, the surface of which may be on land or on a seabed. A well location is the geographical location of a wellhead. It may include related resources, such as a tank battery, separators, compressor stations, heating or other equipment and fluid wells. If at sea, a good spot can include a platform.
[0033] The well refers to the drilled hole, including any boxed parts or material from the well or any other tubular in the well. The hole generally refers to the inner well hole wall, that is, the rock or wall surface that surrounds the hole. A well hole can have portions that are vertical, horizontal or any other intermediate, and can have portions that are straight, curved or branched. As used here, well above, downhole and similar terms are in relation to wellhead direction, regardless of whether a vertical or horizontal well portion.
[0034] As used here, inserting into a well means introducing at least into and through the wellhead. According to various techniques known in the prior art, tubular, equipment,
11/57 tools, or fluids can be directed from any desired part of the well.
[0035] As used here, the word tubular means any type of body in the general shape of a tube. Examples of tubulars include, but are not limited to, a drill pipe, a liner, a sequence of pipes, a line pipe and a transport pipe. Tubulars can also be used to transport fluids, such as fluids, oil, gas, water, liquefied methane, refrigerants and fluids heated inside or outside an underground formation.
[0036] As used here, the term ring, the space between two generally cylindrical objects, one within the other. Objects can be concentric or eccentric. Without limitation, one of the objects can be a tubular and the other object can be a closed channel. The closed channel can be a borehole or drilling well or it can be another tubular. The following are some non-limiting examples that illustrate some situations in which a ring may exist. Referring to an oil, gas or well water, in an open borehole, the space between the outside of a pipe column and the drilling of the borehole is a ring. In a coated hole, the space between the outside of the casing and the well hole is a ring. In addition, in a boxed hole, there may be a ring between the outer cylindrical part of a tubular like a production pipe column and inside the cylindrical part of the housing. A ring can be a space through which a fluid can flow, or it can be filled with a material or object that blocks the flow of fluid, such as a packaging element. Unless otherwise, it is clear from the context, as used here, a ring is a space through which a fluid can flow.
[0037] As used here, a fluid can be, for example, a drilling fluid, an adjustment composition, a treatment fluid or a spacer fluid.
12/57 [0038] As used here, unless the context otherwise requires, the weight of a fluid or component of a fluid that refers to the density of the fluid or component.
[0039] As used here, the word treatment refers to any treatment to change the condition of a portion of a well or of an underground formation adjacent to a well; however, word processing does not necessarily imply any specific treatment purpose. A treatment usually involves introducing a treatment fluid, in which case it can be referred to as a treatment fluid, in a well. As used here, a treatment fluid is a liquid used in a treatment. The word treatment in the term treatment fluid does not necessarily imply any treatment or action determined by the fluid.
[0040] The Zone refers to a range of rock along a well that is differentiated from well above and bottom areas based on hydrocarbon content or other characteristics such as permeability, composition, drilling or other forms fluid communication with the well, failures or fractures. A zone of a borehole that penetrates a hydrocarbon-bearing zone that is capable of producing hydrocarbons is referred to as a production zone. A treatment zone refers to a gap of rock along a well hole in which a fluid is directed to flow from the well. As used here, in a treatment zone it means through the wellhead and, furthermore, through the well hole and in the treatment zone.
[0041] As used in this document, a well fluid is a fluid in situ in a well, which can be the same as a fluid at the time it is introduced, or a fluid mixed with another, other fluid wells, or a fluid in which chemical reactions are occurring or have occurred in situ in a rock bottom.
13/57 [0042] In general, the greater the depth of the formation, the higher the static temperature and pressure of the formation. Initially, the static pressure is equal to the initial pressure in the formation before production. After the start of production, the static pressure approaches the average pressure of the reservoir.
[0043] Deviated wells are hard wells tilted at different angles to the vertical. Complex wells include inclined well bores under conditions of high temperature or high pressure in a downhole.
[0044] A project refers to the estimate or measurement of one or more parameters planned or expected for a given fluid or phase of a well service or treatment. For example, a liquid can be designed to have components that provide a minimum density or viscosity for at least a specified time under expected downhole conditions. A well service can include design parameters, such as the volume of liquid to be pumped, time required for treatment, temperature, pressure or pumping shear conditions.
[0045] The term design temperature refers to an estimate or to measure the actual temperature in the downhole environment at the time of a treatment. For example, the design temperature for a well treatment takes into account not only the static deep hole temperature (BHST), but also the effect of the fluid temperature on the BHST during treatment. The design temperature for a fluid is sometimes referred to as the deep hole circulation temperature (BHCT). Because fluids can be considerably colder than BHST, the difference between the two temperatures can be very large. Ultimately, if left unchanged, an underground formation will resume at BHST.
[0046] The control or control of a condition includes any one or more among maintenance, application or variation of the condition.
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For example, controlling the temperature of a substance can include heating, cooling or thermal insulation of the substance.
Drilling and Drilling Muds [0047] Drilling requires well control, which is maintaining pressure on open formations (ie exposed to the well) to prevent or direct the flow of fluids from the formation to the well. This technology encompasses an estimate of the forming fluid pressures, the strength of subsurface formations and the use of uppercase and lowercase letters or mud density to predictably compensate pressures. Well control also includes operating procedures to safely stop a well from flowing should a flow of fluid from the formation occur. To perform well control procedures, large valves are installed at the top of the well to allow closing the well, if necessary.
[0048] Drilling fluids, also known as drilling muds or simply muds, are usually classified according to their base fluid, ie the nature of the continuous phase. A water-based mud (WBM) has a water phase as a continuous phase. The water phase can be a brine. A brine-based drilling fluid is a water-based mud, where the aqueous component is brine. In some cases, the oil can be emulsified in a water-based drilling mud. An oil-based slurry (OBM) has an oil phase as a continuous phase. In some cases, a water phase is emulsified in the oil-based slurry.
[0049] A bottom hole assembly is the bottom of a character drill, including at least a little bit, stabilizers, a drilling collar, grinding devices (pots), and at least one bottom hole tool selected from the group consisting of of tools for measurement during drilling (MWD) and tools for profiling during drilling (LWD). For example, tools for MWD include
15/57 measurement tools during electromagnetic (EM / MWD) and seismic drilling while tools (SWD) drill. The terms MWD and LWD are sometimes used interchangeably, but LWD is largely directed towards the process of obtaining information about the underground formation rock (porosity, resistivity, etc.), whereas MWD is largely directed towards the process or tools aimed at obtaining information on the progress of the drilling operation (penetration rate, weight on the drill, well path for geo-direction, etc.).
[0050] Precipitation is the adjustment of heavy weight particles (ie, high density particles), such as particles of barite in the fluid, which can occur under low shear conditions. As used here, percipitation means a change in density of a liquid that is greater than 0.1 ppg due to sedimentation of high gravity solids.
[0051] 0002 Initially uniform liquid or initially uniform sludge is the fluid initially formed or a portion of the fluid initially formed having the same composition, phase distribution and density as the fluid initially formed. Mix with enough shear to form a uniformly dispersed fluid, preferably at least 300 rpm.
[0052] Weight of fluid mud initially uniform (MW) is the net weight (density) of the fluid initially formed.
[0053] Precipitated fluid or precipitated sludge is the heavier portion of fluid (higher density) than the initially uniform liquid; a precipitated fluid is a portion of fluid formed as a result of the precipitation event.
[0054] Weight of precipitated mud (MW) is the density of unT' precipitated fluid.
[0055] Depleted fluid or depleted mud is a portion of a liquid that is lighter (lower density) than the uniform fluid
Initial 16/57; an impoverished fluid is a portion of fluid formed as a result of the precipitation event.
[0056] Depleted mud weight (MW ^d ) is the density of an impoverished fluid.
[0057] Precipitated fluid packaging is the range of volume fractions that one or more dispersed phases (liquid drops or solid particles) can occupy when suspended in a fluid.
[0058] Equivalent Circulation Density (ECD) at one point in the well ring is the effective fluid density experienced at that point comprising the contribution on the intrinsic density of a liquid and a flow-induced pressure contribution drop into a ring above from the point in a well.
[0059] Piercing pressure corresponds to the pump pressure, that is, the reading indicated by the pressure gauge located near the fluid pump.
[0060] Drilling torque corresponds to the drag experienced by the lower hole assembly (BHA) during drilling.
[0061] Recoil is an influx of gas or fluid from the formation to the well.
[0062] Excessive drilling torque or pressure, recoil or lost circulation may occur due to ECD variations in the drilling fluid, which may be the result of precipitation. A person skilled in the art will appreciate how to determine excessive drilling torque or lost pressure, recoil or circulation.
[0063] Dynamic mud weight profile is the profile of sedimentation or precipitation solids progressing over time, the mud weight profile along the depth of the column well would continue to change over time; this time-dependent mud weight profile along the length of the well column is referred to as the dynamic mud weight profile.
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Physical states, phases and materials [0064] The substance can be a pure substance or a mixture of two or more different chemicals.
[0065] Common physical states of matter or substances include solid, liquid and gas.
[0066] As used here, phase is used to refer to a substance, having a chemical composition and physical state that is distinguishable from an adjacent phase of a substance, having a different chemical composition or a different physical state.
[0067] The word Material is something made of matter, consisting of one or more phases. Rock, water, air, metal, cement paste, sand and wood are examples of materials. The word material can refer to a single phase of a substance on a volume scale (greater than a particle) or a mass scale of a mixture of phases, depending on the context.
[0068] As used here, if not otherwise specifically stated otherwise, the physical state or phase of a substance (or mixture of substances) and other physical properties are determined at a temperature of 77 ° F (25 ° C) and a pressure 1 atmosphere (standard laboratory conditions) without applied shear.
Particles and particles [0069] As used in this document, a particle refers to a body, having a finite mass and sufficient cohesion that it can be considered as an entity, but with relatively small dimensions. A particle can be of any size, from the molecular to the macroscopic scale, depending on the context.
[0070] A particle can be in any physical state. For example, a particle of a substance in a solid state can be as small as a few molecules on the nanometer scale to a particle
18/57 large on the scale of a few millimeters, like large grains of sand. Likewise, a particle of a liquid substance can be as small as a few molecules on the nanometer scale to a large drop on the scale of a few millimeters. A particle of a substance in a gas state is a single atom or molecule that is separated from other atoms or molecules that intermolecular attractions have relatively little effect on their respective proposals.
[0071] As used in this document, particles or particles of material refer to the difference in physical form of distinct particles in a solid or liquid state (which means such an association of some atoms or molecules). As used here, a particle is a grouping of particles having similar chemical composition and particle size ranges, anywhere in the range of about 0.5 micrometer (500 nm), for example, microscopic clay particles, about 3 mm, for example, large grains of sand.
[0072] A particle can be solid or liquid particles. As used here, however, unless otherwise specified, particles refer to a solid particle. Certainly, a solid particle is a particle of particles that are in a solid physical state, that is, the constituent atoms, ions, or molecules are sufficiently restricted from their relative movement to result in a fixed shape for each of the particles.
[0073] It should be understood that the terms particles and particles, includes all known forms of particles, including substantially rounded, spherical, oblong, ellipsoid, rod-like, fiber, polyhedral (such as cubic materials), etc. and mixtures thereof. For example, the term particles in this document is intended to include solid particles, having the physical form of platelets, shavings, flakes, tapes, bars, strips, spheroids, toroids, pellets, tablets or any other physical form.
[0074] As used in this document, a fiber is a particle or
19/57
Grouping of particles having a proportion greater than 5/1 L / D.
[0075] A particulate will have a particle size distribution (PSD). As used here, the size of a particle can be determined by methods known to persons skilled in the art.
[0076] One way to measure the approximate particle size distribution of a solid particle is with classified screens. A solid particulate material will pass through a specific mesh (ie, it has a maximum size; larger pieces will not fit through this mesh), but will be retained by some specific tighter mesh (ie, a minimum size; pieces smaller than this) will pass through the mesh). This type of description establishes a scale of particle sizes. A + before the mesh size indicates that the particles are retained by the sieve, while a one before the mesh size indicates the particles pass through the sieve. For example, -70 / + 140 means that 90% or more of the particles will have mesh sizes between the two values.
[0077] Particle materials are sometimes described by a single mesh, for example, US 100 standard mesh. Otherwise, a reference to a single particle size means about the midpoint of the industry accepted mesh size range for particles.
[0078] As used in this document, particle density or true density means that the density of a particle is the density of the individual particles that make up the particles, in contrast to the bulk density, which measures the average density of a large volume of dust in a specific medium (usually air). The density of the particles is a relatively well defined quantity, which is not dependent on the degree of compaction of the solid, whereas the bulk density has different values depending on whether it is measured in the freely established or compacted state (tap density). However, a variety of particle density definitions are available, which differ in terms of whether the
20/57 pores are included in the particle volume and if voids are included. As used here, particle density is the apparent density of a particle having any pores or voids that water does not penetrate.
Dispersions [0079] Dispersion is a system in which the particles of a substance of a chemical composition and physical state are dispersed in another substance of a different chemical composition or physical state. In addition, the phases can be nested. If a substance has more than one phase, the outermost phase is referred to as the continuous phase of the substance as a whole, regardless of the number of different internal phases or nested phases.
[0080] The dispersion can be classified in different ways, including, for example, based on the size of the dispersed particles, the uniformity or lack of uniformity of dispersion and, if a fluid, or precipitation does not occur.
[0081] A dispersion is considered to be heterogeneous if the dispersed particles are not dissolved and are larger than about 1 nanometer in size. (For reference, the diameter of a toluene molecule is about 1 nm and a water molecule is about 0.3 nm).
[0082] Heterogeneous dispersions can have gas, liquid or solid as an external phase. For example, in a case where the particles of the dispersed phase are liquid in an external phase that is another liquid, this type of heterogeneous dispersion is particularly more referred to as an emulsion. A solid phase dispersed in a continuous liquid phase is referred to as a sol, suspension or mud, in part, depending on the size of dispersed solid particles.
[0083] A dispersion is considered homogeneous if the dispersed particles are dissolved in solution or the particles are less than about 1 nanometer in size. Even if not dissolved, a dispersion is
21/57 considered homogeneous if the dispersed particles are less than about 1 nanometer in size.
[0084] The Solution is a special type of homogeneous mixture. A solution is considered homogeneous: (a) because the proportion of solute to solvent is the same throughout the solution; and (b) because the solute will never settle out of solution, even under powerful centrifugation, which is due to the intermolecular attraction between the solvent and the solute. An aqueous solution, for example, salt water, is a homogeneous solution, in which water is the solvent and salt is the solute.
Solubility [0085] The substance is considered soluble in a liquid if at least 10 grams of the substance can be dissolved in one liter of liquid (which is at least 83 ppt) when tested at 77 ° F and pressure of 1 atmosphere for 2 hours, considered insoluble if less than 1 gram per liter (which is less than 8.3 ppt) and considered as moderately soluble for intermediate solubility values. If the liquid is not specified, the substance is considered to be soluble, sparingly soluble or insoluble in water and oil. For example, an insoluble solid means that the substance of the solid is not soluble in water or oil.
[0086] As will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art, the hydratability, dispersibility or solubility of a substance in water may be dependent on the salinity, pH or other substances in the water. In this sense, the salinity, pH and additive selection of water can be modified to facilitate hydration, dispersibility or solubility of a substance in aqueous solution. To the extent that it is not specified, the hydration capacity, dispersibility or solubility of a substance in water is determined in deionized water, at neutral pH and without any other additives.
[0087] As used in this document, the term polar means to have
22/57 a dielectric constant greater than 30. The term relatively polar means having a dielectric constant greater than about 2 and less than 30. Non-polar means having a dielectric constant less than 2.
Fluids [0088] A fluid can be a single phase or a dispersion. In general, a fluid is an amorphous substance or has a continuous phase of particles smaller than about 1 micrometer, which tends to flow and conform to the contour of its container.
[0089] Examples of fluids are gases and liquids. A gas (in the sense of a physical state) refers to an amorphous substance that has a high tendency to disperse (at the molecular level) and a relatively high compressibility. A liquid refers to an amorphous substance that has little tendency to disperse (at the molecular level) and relatively high incompressibility. The tendency to disperse is related to intermolecular forces (also known as van der Waal forces). (A continuous mass of a particle, for example, a powder or sand, can tend to flow like a fluid, depending on several factors such as particle size distribution, particle shape distribution, proportion and nature of any liquid humectant or other surface coating of particles and many other variables. However, as used here, a fluid does not refer to a continuous mass of particles as the sizes of solid particles in a mass of a particle are too large to be appreciably affected by intermolecular force scale.) [0090] As used in this document, a fluid is a substance that behaves like a fluid under standard laboratory conditions, that is, at 77 ° F (25 ° C) temperature and pressure 1 of atmosphere and the highest temperatures and pressures usually occur in underground formations without shear applied.
[0091] All fluids inherently have at least one phase
23/57 continuous. A fluid can have more than one phase. The continuous phase of a fluid is a liquid under standard laboratory conditions. For example, a liquid can be in the form of a suspension (larger solid particles dispersed in a liquid phase), a sol (smaller solid particles dispersed in a liquid phase), an emulsion (liquid particles dispersed in another liquid phase) or a foam (a gas phase dispersed in a liquid phase).
[0092] As used in this document, a water-based fluid means that water or aqueous solution is the dominant material of the continuous phase, that is, greater than 50%, by weight, of the continuous phase of the fluid based on the combined weight of water and other solvents in the phase (that is, excluding the weight of any dissolved solids).
[0093] In contrast, oil-based means that oil is the dominant material by the weight of the continuous phase of the fluid. In this context, the oil in an oil-based fluid can be any oil based on the combined weight of oil and other solvents in the phase (i.e., excluding the weight of any dissolved solids).
[0094] In the context of a fluid, petroleum is understood to refer to an oil liquid (sometimes referred to as an oilseed liquid), whereas gas is understood to refer to a physical state of a substance, in contrast to a liquid. In this context, an oil is any substance that is liquid under standard laboratory conditions, is hydrophobic and soluble in organic solvents. Oils have a high content of carbon and hydrogen and are non-polar. This general definition includes classes like petrochemical oils, vegetable oils and many organic solvents. All oils can be traced back to organic sources.
[0095] Oil is generally more compressible than water. For example, an oil can change changes in density (400 F) from 0.67 g / cc to 0.84 g / cc when the applied pressure changes from atmospheric pressure up to
24/57
30,000 psi. Thus, the change in density in this example is about 25%. The change in density should also also vary with temperature. In contrast, the change in water density is less than 3.5%, as the pressure changes in the atmosphere up to 15,000 psi, and the change is only 8% as the pressure changes in the atmosphere of 73,000 psi. Thus, water is much less compressible than oil. Compressibility curves for various types of fluids are available in the field. In most cases, solids are considered almost incompressible.
Measurement conditions [0096] Unless otherwise specified, or unless otherwise clearly stated in the context, it means any proportion or percentage by volume.
[0097] Unless otherwise specified, or unless otherwise clearly stated in the context, the phrase by the weight of the water means the weight of the water in a fluid water phase, without the weight of any dissolved viscosity enhancing agent salt, suspended from particles, or other materials or additives that may be present in the water.
[0098] If there is any difference between US or imperial units, US units are intended. For example, GPT or gal / Mgal means American gallons / thousand American gallons and ppt means pounds per thousand American gallons.
[0099] The barrel is the unit of measurement used in the U.S. oil industry, where a barrel is equal to 42 American gallons. Standards bodies such as the American Petroleum Institute (API) have adopted the Convention that if oil is measured in barrels of oil, it will be 14.696 psi and 60 ° F, if measured in cubic meters, it will be 101.325 kPa and 15 ° C (or in some cases, 20 ° C). The pressures are the same, but the temperatures are different - 60 ° F equals 15.56 ° C; 15 ° C equals 59 ° F and 20 ° C equals 68 ° F. However, what you need is just to convert a volume
25/57 in barrels to a volume in cubic meters, without compensating for temperature differences, so 1 bbl equals 0.159 m ³ or 42.0034 US gallons.
[00100] Unless otherwise specified, mesh sizes are in the American mesh standard.
[00101] Unless otherwise specified, the percentage varies as within about 30% it means within more or less the percentage of the base value.
Emulsions [00102] An emulsion is a fluid including a dispersion of particles of immiscible liquids in an external liquid phase. In addition, the proportion of the internal and external phases is above the solubility of any one in the other. A chemical substance can be included to reduce the interfacial tension between the two immiscible liquids to help with stability against the concentration of the internal liquid phase, in which case the chemical can be referred to as a surfactant or more particularly as an emulsifying or emulsifying agent.
[00103] In the context of an emulsion, a water phase refers to a water or aqueous solution phase and an oil phase refers to a phase of any organic, non-polar liquid that is immiscible with water, usually an oil .
[00104] An emulsion can be an oil-in-water or water-in-oil type. A water-in-oil emulsion is sometimes referred to as an inverted emulsion.
[00105] It should be understood that multiple emulsions are possible. These are sometimes referred to as nested emulsions. Multiple emulsions are complex polydispersed systems, where oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions exist simultaneously in the fluid, where the oil-in-water emulsion is stabilized by a lipophilic surfactant and the water-in-oil emulsion is stabilized by a surfactant hydrophilic. These include multiple emulsions
26/57 water-in-oil-in-water and oil in water-in-oil type. Even more complex polydispersed systems are possible. Multiple emulsions can be formed, for example, by dispersing an emulsion of water in oil in water or in aqueous solution, or by dispersing an oil-in-water emulsion in oil.
[00106] A stable emulsion is an emulsion that is not creamy, flocculates or agglutinates under certain conditions, including time and temperature. As used here, the term cream means that at least some of the drops of a dispersed phase converge to the surface or bottom of the emulsion (depending on the relative densities of the liquids make up the continuous and dispersed phases). The converging drops maintain a discrete drop shape. As used here, the term flocular means that at least some of the drops in a dispersed phase match for small emulsion form aggregates. As used here, the term coalesces means that at least some of the drops in a dispersed phase combine for larger drops of the emulsion form.
Predicting Particulate Precipitation in Drilling Fluids [00107] Predicting and controlling particle precipitation in weighting drilling fluids has been difficult, because the influence of fluid rheology on dynamic precipitation is not quantitatively established. A high dynamic range precipitation tester (DHAST) commercially available from FANN Instrument Company, as generally disclosed in US Patent No 6,584,833 to Jamison ⁰ and Murphy, which is incorporated by reference herein, is an instrument that can measure the rate of particles, which are fixed to indicate the rate of precipitation; however, this device has the disadvantage that it must be used in a laboratory environment and cannot be used in the field. In addition, DHAST equipment and method require approximately 2 hours of work per test and the test runs for a period of 15 to 18 hours.
27/57 [00108] Methods of predicting precipitation in the field included variations of a test precipitation viscometer, in which drilling fluid is cut into a heat cup or well and is subsequently analyzed for changes in density. In such tests, precipitation trend is considered proportional to the change in density, but such tests do not provide a quantitative measure of the dynamic rate of precipitation.
[00109] The present invention is a method of predicting or controlling the composition of clog fluids and weight (also referred to as the density of the clog fluid) of the sludge as a weighting agent as barite accumulates in the particle well column. In the case of inverted oil-based emulsion drilling fluids, the weight of the fluid mud obstruct is expected to be strongly influenced by the initial weight of fluid mud, oil / water, low gravity solids concentration, well as the stability of the emulsion. The method is constructed and validated using static aging tests on various oil-based sludge where a lower section of the aged static sludge was analyzed using weight tests and retort mud titration.
[00110] The method's predictions can provide exclusive information about the density difference that would be generated as of material weighting particles settling in a fluid. This information can be used to understand and prevent well tube issues such as control prisoners, recoil or lost circulation that may occur due to the fall of high gravity solids. In addition, it can be correlated later to obtain the hydrostatic pressure transient profile along the well column. The ability to predict weight of precipitated sludge would be a crucial step in determining changes in torque or pump pressures when precipitation occurs.
[00111] Using static analysis of aged mud, a method is derived to predict the weight of the fluid mud clog as the material
28/57 weighting, for example, barite, is installed in the static cell or, likewise, in the well. Figure 2 is a scheme of barite, fixed in a static aging cell. The volume fractions of the mud components that include oil, brine, low gravity solids (ECC) and barite are denoted, respectively, as:
^ oil, ^ brine, ^ LGS ⁵ ^ barite [00112] For a given mud sample, these fractions were determined by performing component-wise mass balance on the retort data (oil / water ratio), weight of the mud (fluid density) and titration (salt concentration) tests. Once the fractions of the sludge components are known, the sludge weight of the sample can be determined as:
p. * ΦMW = E 'J where MW is the net weight of a portion of the fluid;
where Pj is the density of each component of the fluid;
and where φί is the volume fraction of each component of the fluid.
[00113] For the initially uniform sludge weight, the various Φί fractions are more specifically denoted as:
φόΙϋΟ ^ brine ^ LGS 'arita [00114] On the other hand, for the section blocking the fluid bottom of the cell static aging after allowing the material weighting of particles to settle (see Figure 2), the various φί fractions in the mud are more specifically denoted how:
/ 5 / S iS iS ‘ÓIêO 'brine Acs’ ^ barite [00115] 0003These fractions of mud components are estimated based on retort and mud weight tests.
29/57 [00116] Three postulates were considered to understand the process of sedimentation of a material weight (for example, barite) as described below:
(I) The adjustment bar replaces the oil only.
à à · '(brine' | brine (Eq. I) (II) The o / w ratio remains unchanged during barite resolution.
/ oil / Aimoun / ₍ oil (Eq. II) (III) The barite settles together with the brine, such that the barite / brine ratio remains unchanged as installed barite.
^ ^s . -P / φ ^r barite brine ^{r 'r} barite brine (Eq. III) [00117] The weight of the mud retort initially uniform slurry titration test, as well mud precipitated at the bottom of static aging cell was performed for a range of oil-based sludge. It was observed that the experimental data closely agree with the postulate, described by EQ. (Ill) above. In addition, it was observed that the total particle fraction and the water phase (including barite, LGS, well as the brine water phase) in the precipitated mud is approximately in the range of about 0.6 to about 0.7. More particularly, the volume fraction of the dispersed phase in the obstructing fluid section is approximately in the range of about 0.63 to about 0.68, which is:
^ brine; ⁺ Ags ⁺ ^ barite: / particulates -Water base '' θ ⁶⁸ (Eq. IV) [00118] The experimental study above also showed that the fraction of LGS in the precipitated mud at the bottom of the aging static cell remains almost the same as in the initial uniform mud, that is:
/ lgs "/ lgs (Eq v)
30/57 [00119] For low density solids, it is believed that Eq. V would hold up as long as the fraction of LGS volume in the fluid was less than about 10%.
[00120] Now, the above derived postulates from EQS. Ill, IV, and V can be used to predict the weight of precipitated liquid and sludge composition for a given sludge having an initially uniform known composition. This method for determining the composition (and the weight of the sludge correspondingly) of the lower fluid blocking section has also been validated for some invisible sludge, ie sludge that was not used to derive these postulates.
Materials and methodology [00121] The main components of a water-in-oil fluid (such as a drilling mud) are considered as oil, a phase water (such as water or brine), barite particles and one or more particles of solids (Low-gravity LGS). The fraction of a liquid component is the volume fraction of the mud component in the entire mud. For example:
Volumeόΐεο _ Oil volume Total volume of fluid [00122] Various oil-based drilling fluids (OBM) were formulated in order to have variations in the proportion of o / w, initially uniform initials of low gravity (LGS) contents and weight of fluid mud.
[00123] After preparation, the drilling fluids were hot rolled at 50 revolutions per minute in the aging cells at 250 ° F for 16 hours before performing the tests. Aging cells are used as containers for hot rolling. The fluid capacity of aging cells is 500 ml, having a length of about 16 cm and an internal diameter of about 6.3 cm.
[00124] The 48-hour static aging pattern was performed on the OBMs selected for 250 ° F and 100 psi pressure. A Petri dish container (25 ml capacity) was placed at the bottom of the
31/57 aging cell to collect the sludge settled. This mud bottom part settled in the petri dish after aging represents the obstructed bottom section (s) of static aged mud.
[00125] For each OBM, two standard retort tests were performed, first on the initial cool (i) of mud after hot rolling with uniform composition and secondly on the mud collected in the petri dish at the bottom of the static aging cell after aging, that is, precipitated bottom section (s) as shown in Figure 2 of.
[00126] For each OBM, two standard mud weight tests were performed, first on the initial cool (i) of mud after hot rolling with uniform composition and secondly on the mud collected in the petri dish at the bottom of the static aging cell after aging, ie, precipitated bottom section (s) as shown in Figure 2 of.
[00127] For each OBM, two standard titers (chemical analysis, recommended practice API 13B-2 (section 9)) tests were performed, first on the initial cool (i) mud after hot rolling with uniform composition and second on the mud collected in the petri dish at the bottom of the static aging cell after aging, ie, lower section of obstruct (s) as shown in Figure 2 of.
Derivation of Postulates [00128] As a basis for deriving postulates, three inverted emulsion fluids A, B and C were formulated to have variations in the initial fluid mud weight, o / w ratio and amount of low gravity solids, as shown in the table 1. These three fluids were designed so that the emulsion is stable, that is, the water phase does not separate from the oil phase.
Table 1
FLUID THE B Ç o / w (v / v) 65/35 65/35 90/10 Mud weight, ppg 12 14.5 12 Base fluid I, bbl As necessary As necessary none
32/57
FLUID THE B Ç Base fluid II, bbl none none As necessary Emulsifier (ppb) 8 8 8 Limestone (ppb) 1.5 1.5 1.5 Filtering control agent (ppb) 1.5 1.5 2.5 Brine CaCh (200K) As necessary As necessary As necessary Low gravity solids I (ppb) 5 5 5 Low Gravity Solids II (ppb) 5 5 20 Low gravity solids III (ppb) 20 10 20 Total LGS (% by volume) 3% 2% 5% Barite particles (ppb) As necessary As necessary As necessary Viscosifier (ppb) 3.5 3.5 3.5
[00129] After the hot rolling, the retort, weight tests and mud titration were performed on the initially uniform (i) drilling fluid. Then, the uniform sludge was maintained by static aging for 48 hours at 250 ° F. A Petri dish container was placed at the bottom of the aging cell to collect the settled mud. Then retort, mud weight and titration tests were also conducted on the precipitated mud (s) at the bottom of the static aging cell. By executing a gradual component mass balance in the retort, mud weight and titration data, the composition of components was obtained for the initially uniform bottom section, well how to block; Vertabela 2. The volume fractions determined by the tests on the initially uniform (i ”) well as the lower section of blocking fluids A, B and C after static aging of 48 hours at 250 ° F are shown in Table 2 .
Table 2
FLUID ^ brine φ '1 “oil Φ barite Φ LGS (i) (s) (i) (s) (i) (s) (i) (s) THE 0.30 0.44 0.53 0.34 0.14 0.19 0.03 0.03 B 0.28 0.36 0.47 0.33 0.23 0.29 0.02 0.02 Ç 0.08 0.19 0.7 0.35 0.16 0.41 0.05 0.05
[00130] For each fluid test, the barite ratio for Salinas was calculated from the data shown in Table 2. Table 3 shows a computational analysis of this above the experimental data.
33/57
Table 3
Fluid ^ Ibarite ^ IsalmouraΦ LGS (i) (s) (i) (s) THE 0.47 0.43 0.66 0.03 0.03 B 0.82 0.81 0.67 0.02 0.02 Ç 2 2.16 0.65 0.05 0.05
[00131] Analysis of the data in Table 3 clearly shows that the barite resolution process is not described by the postulates described by EQ. I or Eq. II.
[00132] As shown in table 3, however, the proportion of brine barite is essentially unchanged after aging; thus, the postulate, described by EQ. III is supported by experimental data. In addition, it was observed that the total fraction of the dispersed phase (including brine, barite and LGS) in the precipitated mud comes from 0.63 to about 0.68; thus, the postulate, described by Eq. IV, is supported by experimental data. In addition, the fraction of LGS in the sludge precipitated at the bottom of the aging static cell remains about the same as in the initial uniform sludge, as described by Eq. V.
[00133] Now, the above verified postulates EQS. Ill, IV, and V can be used to predict the composition and consequently weight of the precipitated fluid section for a given sludge with known initial composition. Table 4 shows the comparison of the sludge weight predicted from the precipitated fluid section to the experimental one observed the sludge weight from the same section for fluids A, B, C; It was found that the predictions closely according to the experimental data (ppg ± 0.5).
34/57
Table 4
Fluid Expected sludge weight of precipitated fluid section (ppg) Experimental mud weight of precipitated Kingdom section (ppg) THE 14.7 14.3 B 17.1 17.3 Ç 19.3 19.8
Validation of the postulates [00134] For invisible fluids (that is, fluids not used to develop the postulates) with initial composition, given the postulates described by EQS. Ill, IV, and V were used to first predict the composition and consequently the weight of the mud of the fluid section to obstruct. The weight of the predicted sludge was compared with the weight of the sludge experimentally obtained from the lower clogging section (in the Petri dish container) of the static aging cell after aging for 48 hours at 250 ° F.
[00135] As a basis for analyzing the postulates described above by EQS. Ill, IV, and V, two additional fluids were formulated that had variations in the initially uniform mud weight, ó / w ratio, amount of low gravity solids, as shown in table 5.
Table 5
FLUID D AND o / w (v / v) 80/20 80/20 Mud weight, ppg 12 14.5 Base fluid II, bbl As necessary As necessary Emulsifier (ppb) 8 8 Limestone (ppb) 1.5 1.5 Filtering control agent (ppb) 2.5 2.5 Brine CaCL (200K) As necessary As necessary Low gravity solids I (ppb) 5 5 Low gravity solids II (ppb) 20 20 Low gravity solids III (ppb) 20 20 Total LGS (% by volume) 5% 5% Barite particles (ppb) As necessary As necessary Viscosifier (ppb) 3 3
[00136] Table 6 shows a comparison of the predicted versus the experimental sludge weight of the precipitated fluid section at the bottom of the cell in the case of un-seen sludge aging. As shown in the table, it was found that forecasts closely according to the data
35/57 experimental (ppg ± 0.5). Thus, a method to determine the composition and weight of the section mud obstruct fluid bottom has been developed and validated for oil-based drilling fluids.
Table 6
Fluid Fluid Weight Expected to precipitate fluid (ppg) Fluid weightexperimental precipitated fluid section (ppg) D 16.5 17 AND 18.4 18
[00137] In the present invention, a method is developed to predict the weight of precipitated liquid and sludge composition for an inverted emulsion as the weighting agent (eg, barite) accumulates in the well column. The method's predictions can provide unique information about the density differences that would be generated as the barium settles in a fluid. The exact determination of weight due to fluid mud obstructing precipitation of high gravity solids is crucial, as it may be indicative of understanding or avoiding drilling of excessive torque or pressure, recoil or lost circulation situation due to felling of the solids in an inverted liquid is weighted with such high gravity solids.
[00138] The model and methods according to the invention will serve as a useful tool for mud engineers to assess the precipitation behavior for a given fluid and make quick decisions on the platform website to optimize fluid formulations; Consequently this will save the corresponding downtime and well issues related to stability.
Estimated precipitation rate [00139] According to another aspect, precipitation rate can also be estimated and employed with determining the weight of the fluid mud to obstruct to help control a well. The precipitation rate information can be obtained as described in co-pending US patent Serial no. ⁰ 13 / 492,885, entitled Methods for Predicting Dynamic Sag
36/57
Using Viscometer / Rheometer Data filed on June 10, 2012 and having appointed inventors Sandeep Kulkami, Sharath Savari, Kushabhau Teke, Dale Jamison, Robert Murphy and Anita Gantepla, which is incorporated in this document by reference, in its entirety.
[00140] Preferably, a method for including predicting the rate of precipitation for particles suspended in a fluid based on the rheological properties of the fluid, as described below.
[00141] The rheological data of a viscometer / rheometer can be obtained in terms of shear stress or viscosity under desired conditions of shear rate (γ), temperature (T) and pressure (P). Considering the characteristic of thinning the shear of drilling fluids, pseudoplastic models including power-law model, Eyring model, Cross model, Carrau model, Ellis model or similar can be applied to the rheology data to extract the characteristic parameters. In addition, rheology data can also be modeled, considering the existence of stress yield (or apparent elasticity), that is, using viscoplastic models. Different viscoplastic models may include Bingham's plastic model, Cassou's model, Herschel-Bulkley model or the like. The rheological properties of the fluid that are made up of rheological data or the characteristic parameters obtained by applying one or more above pseudo-plastics / viscoplastic models are used in an equation to predict the behavior of the precipitation rate.
[00142] In one embodiment, the rheological properties include viscosity and viscoplastic characteristics of the Herschel-Bulkley model in terms of elasticity and thinning shear index. The viscosity, elasticity and fine-tuning index shear can be obtained from a conventional (constant shear rate concentric cylinder viscometer / rheometer with an API geometry) viscometer / rheometer.
37/57
In mode (s), the conventional viscometer / rheometer can be a viscometer or rheometer Fann®-35, Fann-50, Fann-75 or Fann-77.
[00143] In one embodiment (s) of the precipitation rate invention illustrates this gravitational force = Viscous Drag + Viscoplastic Drag to describe the sedimentation behavior of the material (eg, barite) weighting in drilling fluids. An example of this is shown in the equation that can be used with such rheological information is:
(4/3) * π% ^: '* (p _s - p _f ) * g = 6 * 71 * «/ * ^ - *« + F (r ₀ ^HB ) ^{I / n} ) Eq. VI where a, is the radius of the weighting material particle, p _s is the density of the material weighting particle, p, is the density of the fluid around the particle, of g is the acceleration of gravity, Ui is the dynamic precipitation rate or vertical speed of the sagging of the particle size a _t , μ is the viscosity of the drilling fluid, k is an empirical constant that can vary from 0.01 to 10 when the terms of the equation are in SI units, τ ₀ ^ΗΒ is the yield stress and n is shear thinning index. The rheological properties are obtained under desired conditions of shear rate (γ), temperature (T) and pressure (P).
[00144] In addition to shear stress or viscosity data from a viscometer / rheometer, viscoelastic data can be obtained from a rheometer at the desired temperature (T) and pressure (P) conditions. The viscoelastic data can be in terms of first stress difference Normal second stress difference normal, primary primary stress coefficient, second normal stress coefficient, elongational viscosity, viscoelastic dimensionless parameters including Maxwellian relaxation time, Deborah number, number Weissenberg, elasticity number and the how.
[00145] The rheological properties of the fluid that consist of rheological data or the parameters of characteristics obtained by applying one or more of the pseudo-plastics / viscoplastic models above or the
38/57 viscoelastic properties obtained above are used in an equation to predict the behavior of the precipitation rate.
[00146] One (s) modality (s) includes (a) a method of predicting the dynamic precipitation rate of a weighting of material in a drilling fluid, obtaining rheological data from a rheological measurement device and introducing the rheological properties in an equation to determine the dynamic precipitation rate where the rheological properties comprise the viscosity of the fluid around the weighting material and Normal first underline the difference, optionally the rheometer is an Anton Paar rheometer.
[00147] In one embodiment (s), the rheological properties include the viscosity of the fluid around the weighting material and viscoelastic properties that can first comprise Normal underline the difference that is defined as follows. For a viscoelastic fluid under flow, normal stresses in velocity and directions of velocity gradient, τ _χχ and respectively, can become uneven and the difference (τ _χχ - τ _γγ ) is defined first Normal stress difference Nj. The viscosity of the fluid around the weighting material can be obtained using a conventional viscometer / rheometer, such as a Fann-35 viscometer / rheometer. The first difference in Normal voltage can be obtained using a rheometer, such as an Anton Paar rheometer. The behavior of laying barite in drilling fluids can be described as gravitational force = Drag + viscoelastic drag. An example of this is shown in the equation that can be used with such rheological properties is:
(4/3) * jr * « ³ * (jo. _S - /) /) * g = 6 * π * η * £ ί * υ l α * 4 * π * α ² * | Ν] | ^ρ EQ. VII where a is the average radius of the weighting material particle, p _s is the density of the weighting material particle, pf is the density of the fluid around the particle, of η is the viscosity of the fluid around the weighting material, a is a empirical constant from 0.0001 to 0.1, | Λ9 | is the absolute value of the Normal voltage difference first, and β is a constant
Empirical 39/57 ranging from 0.5 to 1.5. The rheological properties are obtained under a given condition of shear rate (γ), temperature (T) and pressure (P).
[00148] Information on Ui, ie the dynamic precipitation rate as described in Eq.VI Eq.VII and is obtained using a dynamic high angle precipitation Tester (DHAST) by FANN Instrument company, which is an instrument that can measure the particle rate, setting to indicate the precipitation rate; Thus, with the experimentally obtained rheological and precipitation rate information, empirical constants in the EQ. VI and Eq. VII have been determined and validated. With the derived empirical constants, EQ. VI and Eq. VII could successfully predict the precipitation rate for particles suspended in a fluid based on the rheological properties of the fluid.
Useful methods for inverted emulsions with barite [00149] In general, the methods are useful with inverted emulsions, including at least: (a) an external oil phase; (b) an adjacent internal water of external phase phase; (c) an emulsifier; and barite (d).
[00150] Preferably, the ratio of the oil phase to the water phase of the water-in-oil emulsion (inverted) is in the range of about / w = 50: 50 v / v to about / w = v / v of 95 : 5. For example, in one embodiment (s), the emulsion may include about 70% by volume of an oil phase and about 30% by volume of a water dispersed phase.
External oil phase [00151] In one embodiment (s), the oil phase includes a natural or synthetic source of an oil. Examples of oils from natural sources include, without limitation, kerosene, gas oils, crude petroleum oils, gas oils, fuel oils, paraffin oils, mineral oils, low toxicity mineral oils, other petroleum distillates and combinations thereof, examples of synthetic oils include, without limitation, polyolefins, polydiorganosiloxanes,
40/57 siloxanes and organosiloxanes.
Internal water phase [00152] Preferably, the water phase includes at least 50% water by weight, excluding the weight of dissolved salts or other dissolved solids.
[00153] The water phase can include other water-miscible or water-soluble liquids such as glycerol.
[00154] In one embodiment (s), the water phase comprises a dissolved salt. Preferably, the water-soluble salt is selected from the group consisting of: an alkali metal halide, alkaline earth halide, alkali metal formate and any combination thereof. For example, the dissolved salt can be selected from the group consisting of: sodium chloride, calcium chloride, calcium bromide, zinc bromide, sodium formate, potassium formate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, calcium acetate, ammonium acetate, chloride, ammonium bromide, zinc bromide, sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate and any combination of these. In one embodiment (s), the water phase may include a salt substitute, for example, trimethyl ammonium chloride. It can be an effect of a dissolved salt, among other things, to add the weight (ie the density) of the water phase of the emulsion.
[00155] For example, a suitable water phase may include, without limitation, sea water, fresh water, salt water (for example, saturated or unsaturated) and brine (for example, saturated with salt water). Suitable pickles can include heavy pickles.
[00156] In one embodiment (s), the water phase has a pH in the range of 5 to 9. More preferably, the water phase has a pH in the range of 5 to 8.
[00157] In certain incorporations, the water phase may include a pH regulator. Preferably, the pH adjuster has no undesirable properties for the fluid. A pH regulator may be present in the water phase in sufficient quantity to adjust the pH of the fluid into the
41/57 desired range.
[00158] In general, a pH regulator may work, inter alia, to affect the rate of hydrolysis of the agent by increasing viscosity. In some embodiment (s), a pH regulator may be included in the fluid, inter alia, adjusting the fluid's pH to, or keeping the fluid's pH close to, a pH that balances the duration of certain fluid properties (e.g. the ability to suspend de) particles with the capacity of the circuit breaker, to reduce the viscosity of the fluid or a pH that will result in a decrease in the viscosity of the fluid such that this does not prevent the production of hydrocarbons from forming.
[00159] One of the ordinary skills in the art, with the advantage of this disclosure, will recognize the appropriate pH adjuster, if applicable and the respective amount to use for an application chosen in accordance with this disclosure.
Emulsifier [00160] Surfactants are compounds that reduce the surface tension of a liquid, the interfacial tension between two liquids, or between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants can act as wetting agents, detergents, emulsifiers, foaming agents and dispersants.
[00161] Surfactants are organic compounds generally that are amphiphilic, meaning that they contain both hydrophobic groups (tails) and hydrophilic groups (heads). Therefore, a surfactant contains both a water-insoluble portion (or oil-soluble) and a water-soluble portion.
[00162] In a water phase, surfactants form aggregates, such as micelles, where the hydrophobic tails form the core of the aggregate and the hydrophilic heads are in contact with the surrounding liquid. Other types of aggregates such as spherical or cylindrical micelles or bilayers can be formed. The shape of the aggregates depends on the chemical structure of the surfactants, depending on the balance of the hydrophilic head sizes and
42/57 hydrophobic tail.
[00163] As used in this document, the term micelle includes any structure that minimizes contact between the lyophobic (solvent repelling) portion of a surfactant molecule and the solvent, for example, by aggregating surfactant molecules into structures such as spheres, cylinders or sheets, where the lyophobic portions are inside the aggregate structure and the lyophobic portions (attracting solvent) are outside the structure. Micelles can work, among other things, to stabilize emulsions, break emulsions, stabilize a foam, change the wettability of a surface, solubilize certain materials or reduce surface tension.
[00164] As used in this document, an emulsifier refers to a type of surfactant that helps prevent drops from the dispersed phase of a flocculation emulsion or emulsion coalescence.
[00165] An emulsifier can be or include a cationic, a zwitterionic or a nonionic emulsifier. A surfactant package can include one or more different chemical surfactants.
[00166] The lipophilic hydrophilic balance (HLB) of a surfactant is a measure of the degree to which it is hydrophilic or lipophilic, determined by calculating the values for the different regions of the molecule, as described by Griffin in 1949 and 1954. Other methods have been suggested, namely in 1957 by Davies.) [00167] In general, Griffin's method of nonionic surfactants, as described in 1954 works as follows:
HLB = 20 * Mh / M where Mh is the molecular mass of the hydrophilic part of the molecule, and M is the molecular mass of the entire molecule, giving the result on a scale of 0 to 20. An HLB 0 value corresponds to a completely lipidphilic molecule / hydrophobic and a value of 20 corresponds to a
43/57 completely hydrophilic / lypidphobic molecule. Griffin WC: Classification of surfactants by 'HLB', journal of the society of cosmetic chemists 1 (1949): 311. Griffin WC: Calculation of the HLB values of nonionic surfactants, journal of the society of cosmetic chemists 5 (1954): 249.
[00168] The HLB (Griffin) value can be used to predict the surfactant properties of a molecule, where a value less than 10 indicates that the surfactant molecule is insoluble water-soluble lipid (e), whereas a value greater than 10 indicates that the surfactant molecule is soluble in water (and insoluble lipids).
[00169] In addition, the HLB (Griffin) value can be used to predict the uses of the molecule, where: a value of 4 to 8 indicates a defoaming agent, a value of 7 to 11 indicates a water-in-oil emulsifier, a a value of 12 to 16 indicates an oil-in-water emulsifier, a value of 11 to 14 indicates a wetting agent, a value of 12 to 15 indicates a detergent, and a value of 16 to 20 indicates a solubilizer or hydrotropic.
[00170] In 1957, Davies suggested an extended HLB method, based on calculating a value based on the chemical groups of the molecule. The advantage of this method is that it takes into account the effect of stronger and weaker hydrophilic groups. The method works as follows:
HLB = 7 + m * Hh - n * H1 where m is the number of hydrophilic groups in the molecule, Hh is the value of hydrophilic groups, n is the number of lipophilic groups in the molecule and H1 is the value of lipophilic groups. Specific values for hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups are published. See, for example, Davies JT: A quantitative theory of emulsion type kinetics, I. physicochemical of the emulsifying agent, gas / liquid and liquid / liquid Interface. Proceedings of the International Congress of Surface Activity (1957): 426-438.
[00171] The HLB (Davies) model can be used for applications including detergency, emulsification, solubilization and other applications.
44/57
Normally, an HLB (Davies) value will indicate the properties of the surfactant, where a value of 1 to 3 indicates defoaming of aqueous systems, a value of 3 to 7 indicates w / o emulsification, 7 to 9 the value indicates humectant, a value of 8 to 28 indicates the emulsification of oil-in-water, a value of 11 to 18 indicates solubilization and a value of 12 to 15 indicates detergency and cleaning. [00172] In one modality (s), the emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of: polyaminated fatty acids and their quaternary ammonium and tallow salts based compounds.
[00173] In one modality (s), the emulsifier is a non-ionic emulsifier.
[00174] In one embodiment (s), the emulsion includes an emulsifier having an HLB (Davies scale) in the range of 3 to 7.
[00175] The emulsifier is preferably in a concentration of at least 0.1% by weight of the water of the emulsion. Most preferably, the emulsifier is a concentration in the range of 1 to 10% by weight of the water phase.
Particle weighting agents (high gravity solids) [00176] Weighting agents are commonly used in liquids. As used here a weighting agent has an intrinsic density or specific gravity greater than 2.7. Preferably, the weighting agent has a specific gravity in the range of 2.7 to 8.0. Weighting agents are sometimes referred to in this document as high gravity solids or DFM.
[00177] Various types of high gravity solids, together with their respective densities can be found in table 7. Thus, barite would be an example.
Table 6
45/57
DFM material Density (specific weight) hematite gravel 5.1-5.3 iron oxide 5.1-5.8 Gravel Manganese Tetroxide 4.7-4.9 Galena 7.2-7.6 Magnetite 5.1-5.2 Ilmenite 4.7-4.8 Barite 4.0-4.5 Siderite 3.9-4.0 Celesita 3.9-4.0 Dolomite 2.8-2.9
[00178] Any suitable particle weighting agent can be used according to the invention. For example, barite is a mineral basically composed of barium sulfate (BaSOQ. Barite is insoluble in water or oil and has a true density in the range of about 4.0 to
4.5 g / cm. It can be formed into a particle useful as a weighting agent in liquids or other drilling fluids. Other examples of weighting agents include, for example, particle weighting material such as barite, hematite, iron oxide, manganese tetroxide, galena, magnetite, lilmenite, siderite, celesite or any combination thereof. [00179] Preferably, DFM particles have a particle size distribution anywhere in the range of 0.1 to 500 micrometers.
Optional Low Density Particulate (low gravity solids) [00180] In addition to one or more weighting agents, low gravity solids (ie, particulate solids having a true density less than the density of barite) can be included in the fluid.
[00181] In this document, low gravity solids or LGS are particles in the density range of the phase oil density up to 2.7 specific gravity. Examples include calcium carbonate, marble or any combination thereof.
[00182] If included, LGS particles preferably have a particle size distribution anywhere in the range of 0.1 to 500 micrometers.
Optional fluid loss control agent (also known as a filtration agent)
46/57 [00183] Fluids used in drilling, completing or maintaining a well can be lost to underground formation by circulating fluids in the well. In particular, fluids can enter the underground formation through impoverished zones, relatively low pressure zones, lost circulation zones having fractures occur naturally, weak zones having exceeded fracture gradients, the hydrostatic pressure of the drilling fluid and so on. against. The extent of fluid losses to the formation can vary from minor (e.g. less than 10 bbl / hr) referred to as loss of flow to severe (e.g. greater than 500 bbl / hr) referred to as total loss. As a result, the service provided by such a fluid is more difficult to achieve. For example, a drilling fluid can be lost to the formation, resulting in the circulation of the fluid in the well being closed and / or too low to allow more drilling of the well.
[00184] Fluid loss refers to the undesirable leakage of a fluid phase of any type of fluid in the permeable matrix of a zone, which zone may or may not be a treatment zone. Fluid loss control refers to treatments designed to reduce such unwanted leakage. Providing effective control of fluid loss for fluids during certain phases of well operations is generally highly desirable.
[00185] The usual approach for controlling fluid loss is to substantially reduce the permeability of the zone matrix with a fluid loss control material that blocks the permeability at or near the face of the zone's rock matrix. For example, the fluid loss control material can be a particle that has a size selected for bridge and connect the pore throats of the matrix. Ceteris paribus, the higher the concentration of particles of the appropriate size, the faster the bridge will occur. As the fluid phase, carrying the fluid loss control material leaks into the formation, the fluid loss control material bridges the pore throats of the forming matrix and accumulates on the surface of the
47/57 hole or fracture in the face or penetrates only a little into the matrix. The accumulation of solid particles or other fluid loss control material on the walls of a well or a fracture is referred to as a filter cake. Depending on the nature of a fluid phase and the filter cake, how a filter cake can help block the loss of more than one fluid phase (referred to as a filtrate) to the underground formation. A fluid loss control material is specifically designed to reduce the volume of a filtrate that passes through a filter medium. Therefore, a fluid loss control material is sometimes referred to as a filter control agent.
[00186] Fluid loss control materials are sometimes used in drilling fluids or in treatments that have been developed to control fluid loss. A fluid loss control pill is a liquid that is designed or used to provide some degree of fluid loss control. Through a combination of viscosity, solid bridge and cake build-up on the porous rock, these pills are often able to substantially reduce the permeability of an underground formation zone for fluid loss. They also generally enhance the accumulation of filter cake on the formation face to inhibit the flow of fluid to the well formation.
[00187] Fluid loss control agents de0004 may include a viscosifying polymeric agent (usually chitosan) or particles such as sand, calcium carbonate particles or degradable bridge particles. To crosslink the viscosifying polymers, a suitable crosslinking agent that includes polyvalent metal ions is used in crosslinking. Boron, aluminum, titanium and zirconium are common examples. Viscoelastic surfactants can also be used.
[00188] If included, a fluid loss additive can be added to a liquid in an amount necessary to give control of
48/57 desired liquid loss. In some embodiment (s), a fluid loss additive may be included in an amount of about 5 to about 200 Ibs / Mgal of the fluid. In some embodiments, the fluid loss additive can be included in an amount of about 10 to 50 Ibs / Mgal of the fluid.
Optional viscosity enhancing agent (also known as viscosifier) [00189] The Fluid can be adapted to be a carrier fluid for the particles.
[00190] For example, during drilling, rock cuts must be uphole performed by the drilling fluid and flowed out of the well. Rock cuts usually have a specific gravity greater than 2, which is much greater than that of many drilling fluids. These high density piles have a tendency to separate from water or oil very quickly.
[00191] Increasing the viscosity of a fluid can help prevent a particle having a specific gravity different than a surrounding phase of the fluid from rapidly separating out of the fluid.
[00192] Viscosity-increasing agent can be used to increase the ability of a fluid to suspend and transport particulate matter suspended in a liquid.
[00193] Viscosity enhancing agent is sometimes referred to in the art as a viscosifying agent, viscosifier, thickener, gelling agent, or suspending agent. In general, any of these refers to an agent that includes at least the characteristic of increasing the viscosity of a fluid in which it is dispersed or dissolved. As known to people of skill in the art, there are several types of agents or techniques for increasing the viscosity of a viscosity-increasing fluid.
[00194] If used, an agent increasing viscosity must be present in a fluid in a form and in sufficient quantity at least to provide the desired viscosity for a fluid. For example, an agent
49/57 increasing viscosity can be present in fluids at a concentration in the range of about 0.01% to about 5% by weight of the continuous phase therein.
Other liquid additives [00195] A fluid can optionally contain other additives that are commonly used in oil field applications, as known to those skilled in the art.
Drilling methods or treatment of a well [00196] Calculations and methods for determining the net weight of composition and precipitated mud can be used, for example, to help control drilling or treatment in a well. For example, according to one embodiment (s) of the invention, a method of drilling a well is provided, the method including the steps of: designing a fluid as an inverted emulsion with Barite according to the invention; calculation of the fluid weight obstructing the fluid according to the formulas as described above, forming a fluid according to the calculations of the fluid precipitated mud weight and introducing the fluid into the well.
[00197] In an embodiment according to the invention, a method of managing or controlling a well drilling operation is provided, the method which includes the steps of:
(A) obtain initially uniform mud composition and weight of a drilling fluid;
(B) obtaining well flow conditions in the operating well, including in-trip and out-trip timing, pipe rotation rate and drilling fluid circulation rate (C) estimating an equivalent initial circulation density for the drilling fluid based on the initial uniform mud weight of the drilling fluid;
(D) estimate or experimentally determine an obstruction fluid mud weight (MW ^S ) for the drilling fluid;
50/57 (E) reevaluate a subsequent equivalent circulation density based on estimated MW ^S ; and (F) modify the drilling fluid or flow conditions of the well to manage or control the well or avoid an equivalent circulation density difference greater than 0.05 ppg in the well.
[00198] In another embodiment (s) according to the invention, a method of drilling or treating a portion of a well is provided, the method which includes the steps of:
(A) creating or obtaining a fluid comprising the following components:
(i) a continuous oil phase;
(ii) an internal water phase;
(iii) one or more particulate high gravity solids, where the high gravity solids are insoluble in the oil phase and in the water phase; and optionally, (iv) one or more low-gravity particulate solids, wherein the low-gravity solids are insoluble in the oil phase and in the water phase;
(B) determine:
À- * Ã
MW ¹ = Σ ^JJ where MW ¹ is the weight of the fluid slurry when it is initially uniform;
where pj ¹ is the density of each component of the fluid when it is initially uniform; and where φ / is the volume fraction of each component of the fluid when it is initially uniform; and (C) predicting an obstructed sludge weight of an obstructed portion of the fluid such as:
p ^s * ^ í ^s
MW ^S = Σ ^JJ
51/57 where MW ^S is the weight of clogged fluid sludge from a clogged portion of the fluid after giving time to precipitate into the fluid of high gravity solids, when the fluid is in low shear or no shear conditions;
where pj ^s for each component of the precipitated portion is selected to be adjusted to a design temperature and pressure in the well portion, or where pj ^s for each of the components of the selected precipitated portion to be within about 30% of the pj ¹ of each of the fluid components, respectively, or, preferably where pj ^s for each of the components of the precipitated portion is selected to be anywhere within about 20% of the pj ¹ of each fluid component, respectively, or additionally, preferably where pj ^s for each of the components of the precipitated portion is selected to be approximately equal to pj ¹ of each component of the fluid (in this case, the density of the individual components is selected not to change);
where φ / is the volume fraction of each component of the precipitated portion, where:
the ratio of φ / for each of the high gravity solids to φ / for the water phase is selected to be within 20% of the rate of taxa / for each of the high gravity solids for φ / for the phase water , respectively, or preferably the ratio of φ / for each of the high gravity solids to φ / for the water phase is selected to be approximately equal to the ratio of φ / for each of the high gravity solids to φ / for the water phase, respectively;
φ / for each of the low gravity solids is selected to be anywhere in the range of 0 to 2 times φ / for each of the low gravity solids, respectively, or preferably φ / for each of the low gravity solids is selected to be anywhere in the range of 0.8 to 1.2 times φ / each of low gravity solids, or more
52/57 preferably φ / for each of the low gravity solids is selected to be equal to φ / for each of the low gravity solids;
the sum of φ / for the water phase, φ / for each of the high gravity solids and φ / for each of the low gravity solids is selected to be anywhere in the range of 0.5 to 0.75, or preferably, the sum is selected to be anywhere in the range of 0.60 to 0.70, or more, preferably the sum is selected to be anywhere in the range of 0.63 to 0.68; and ο φ / for the oil phase is selected to be the balance between the volume fraction of the precipitated portion;
(D) designing or obtaining well flow conditions in the well;
(E) determine whether MW ^S is sufficient for the control of the well or enough to avoid an equivalent circulation density greater than 0.1 ppg in the well;
(F) modify the drilling fluid or flow conditions to control the well or avoid an equivalent circulation density difference greater than 0.1 ppg in the well; and (G) flow the fluid into the well.
[00199] It should be understood, of course, that pj ¹ for the density of each of the components of the fluid; and φ / the volume fraction of each component of the fluid would be easily known or determined at the time of conception or forming the fluid.
[00200] It should be understood that the calculation step can be performed with the aid of a computer device, such as a calculator or computer.
[00201] MW ^S (as in the methods above) can be used, for example, to help manage or control a well during a well maintenance operation. According to another modality (s) illustrated in Figure 3, for example, a method of managing or controlling a well operation
53/57 can include the steps of:
(A) obtaining a mud weight, rheology and composition of a drilling fluid in use and well flow conditions including travel-in and out-travel times, drill pipe rotation rate and the circulation speed of the drilling fluid;
(B) estimate an initial ECD for the drilling fluid in use in the well;
(C) estimate MW ^S (as per the method above) possible location of MW ^S in the well bore and precipitation rate information in which precipitation rate information can be obtained as described in co-pending EU patent Serial no. ⁰ 13 / 492,885, entitled Methods to predict precipitation using viscometer / Rheometer dynamic data Filed on June 10, 2012 and named inventors Sandeep Kulkami, Sharath Savari, Kushabhau Teke, Dale Jamison, Robert Murphy and Anita Gantepla, which is incorporated in this document by reference, in its entirety.
(D) reassess the ECD based on the MW ^S and precipitation rate information; and (E) if the ECD reevaluated minus the initial ECD is greater than 0.05 ppg, modifying fluid flow conditions or drilling well or both to manage or control the well during the well maintenance operation.
[00202] The simplistic example of ECD determination in a rock bottom, as shown in Figure 1 (a) is:
where ^{(MW) 1} is corrected for the effect of fluid compressibility, pressure and well temperature.
where is the total pressure drop in the ring and TVD is the vertical depth of the well. It is evaluated using practical fluids of
54/57 standard drilling fluids (API RP 13D, rheology and hydraulic oil drilling fluids) or software.
[00203] The simplistic example of ECD determination in case of precipitated mud for a Representative well indicated in Figure 1 (b) is:
ECD = (MWf + [--—---- + + --—--- + --—---]]
0.052x77 D '0.052xTVD ^d 0.052x1VD ^s where (MW) ^e is the average fluid mud weight weight in the ring resulting from a simple mass balance using (MW) ¹ , (MW) ^d and (MW) ^s (corrected) for the purposes of compressibility of temperature, pressure and well fluid);
where δρ ¹ is the pressure drop in the ring section with mud density MU 'and TVD ¹ i is the vertical depth of the corresponding section;
where is the pressure drop in the ring section with depleted mud density ΜΙ0 and TVD ^d d is the vertical depth of the corresponding section;
where ^ ^pS is the pressure drop in the ring section with yielded mud MP and TVD ^S is the vertical depth of the corresponding section; and where ο ^{Δ /} 'for each of the above sections is estimated using standard drilling fluids practices (API RP 13D, rheology and hydraulic oil drilling fluids) or software along with additional fluid viscosity information in the clog and impoverished. The fluid viscosity information in the obstructed and depleted portions can be determined experimentally or using empirical methods, for example, as described in the published article obstacle effect on barite precipitation in non-aqueous drilling fluids (AADE-12-FTCE-23) .
[00204] Fluid can be prepared in the workplace, prepared in a plant or facility prior to use, or certain fluid components can be pre-mixed before use and then transported to the site
55/57 of work. Certain components of the fluid can be supplied as a dry mix to be combined with the fluid or other components before or during the introduction of the fluid into the well.
[00205] In certain embodiments, the preparation of a fluid can be done at the workplace in a method characterized as being performed in flight. The term in flight is used throughout this document to include methods of combining two or more components, in which a flow stream from one element is introduced continuously into the flow stream from another component so that the streams are combined and mixed, continuing to flow as a simple flow as part of the ongoing treatment. This mix can also be described as a real time mix.
[00206] Often the step of delivering a fluid to a well is within a relatively short period after the formation of the fluid, for example, less than 30 minutes to 1 hour. Most preferably, the fluid delivery step is immediately after the liquid forming step, which is on the fly.
[00207] It should be understood that the step of delivering a fluid to a well can advantageously include the use of one or more fluid pumps.
[00208] In one mode (s), the step of introduction is at a rate and pressure below the fracture pressure of the treatment zone.
[00209] In one mode (s), the introduction step includes the circulation of fluid in the well during drilling.
[00210] In one mode (s), the circulation step of the fluid downhole in the well is under conditions of a circulation rate of less than 100 ft / min or drill pipe rotation speed less than 100 RPM anywhere in the well at least about 1 hour.
[00211] Preferably, after any treatment of the drilling or well with a fluid according to the invention, a step of producing
56/57 hydrocarbons from underground formation is the desirable objective.
Conclusion [00212] Therefore, the present invention is well adapted to achieve the purposes and advantages mentioned well as those that are inherent in it.
[00213] The exemplary fluids disclosed in this document may directly or indirectly affect one or more components or pieces of equipment associated with the preparation, delivery, recapture, recycling, reuse or disposal of the disclosed fluids. For example, disclosed fluids can directly or indirectly affect one or more mixers, related mixing equipment, mud pits, warehouses or units, liquid separators, heat exchangers, sensors, meters, pumps, compressors and the like used to generate, store, control, regulate or recondition exemplary fluids. Disclosed fluids may also directly or indirectly affect any transport or delivery equipment used to transport the disclosed fluids to a well site or downhole, such as any transport containers, plumbing, pipelines, trucks, tubulars, and / or pipes used to fluidly move the fluids released from one location to another, any pumps, compressors or engines (for example, from the surface or downhole) used to drive the fluids released in the movement, any valves or related joints used to regulate the flow rate or pressure of the disclosed fluids and any sensors (ie pressure and temperature), gauges, and / or their combinations and the like. Fluids and additives that can be disseminated directly or indirectly also affect the various well bore equipment and tools that can come in contact with fluids and additives such as, but not limited to, drill string, coiled tubing, drill tube, collars drilling machines, mud engines, well engines and / or pumps, floats, MWD / LWD tools and telemetry equipment
Related 57/57 drills (including cone roll, PDC, natural diamond, hole openers, reamers, and coring pieces), distributed sensors or sensors, downhole heat exchangers, actuating valves and devices, tool seals , packers other well hole isolation devices or components and the like.
[00214] The particular modalities disclosed above are only illustrative, since the present invention can be modified and practiced in different ways, but apparent equivalents to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings of this document. It is, therefore, evident that the particular illustrative modalities disclosed above can be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the present invention.
[00215] The different elements or steps according to the disclosed elements or steps can be advantageously combined or practiced together in various combinations or sub-combinations of elements or sequences of steps to increase the efficiency and benefits that can be obtained from the invention .
[00216] The invention disclosed in an illustrative manner in this document can be properly practiced in the absence of any element or step that is not specifically disclosed or claimed.
[00217] In addition, there are no limitations to the details of construction, composition, design, or steps shown here, other than those described in the claim.

权利要求:
Claims (23)
[1]
1. Method for managing or controlling a well drilling operation, the method characterized by the fact that it includes the steps of:
(A) obtain initially uniform mud composition and weight of a drilling fluid;
(B) obtaining well flow conditions in the operating well, including in-trip and out-trip timing, pipe rotation rate and drilling fluid circulation rate (C) estimating an equivalent initial circulation density for the drilling fluid based on the initial uniform mud weight of the drilling fluid;
(D) estimate or experimentally determine an obstruction fluid mud weight (MW ^S ) for the drilling fluid;
(E) reassess a subsequent equivalent circulation density based on estimated MW ^S ; and (F) modify the drilling fluid or flow conditions of the well to manage or control the well or avoid an equivalent circulation density difference greater than 0.05 ppg in the well.
[2]
2. Method according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the reevaluation step additionally comprises determining and using decay rate information for the drilling fluid in use.
[3]
3. Method for drilling or treating a portion of a well, the method characterized by the fact that it includes the steps of:
(A) designing or obtaining a fluid comprising the following components:
(i) a continuous oil phase;
(ii) an internal water phase;
(iii) one or more high gravity solids in the form of
2/6 particles, in which the high gravity solids are insoluble in the oil phase and the water phase; and optionally, (iv) one or more low gravity particulate solids, wherein the low gravity solids are insoluble in the oil phase and the water phase;
(B) determine:
pl · * dl ·
MW ¹ = Σ ^JJ where MW ¹ is the weight of the fluid slurry when it is initially uniform;
where pj ¹ is the density of each component of the fluid when it is initially uniform; and where φ / is the volume fraction of each component of the fluid when it is initially uniform;
(C) predict a weight of fluid sludge precipitated from a precipitated portion of the fluid as:
p ^s * ^ í ^s
MW ^S = Σ ^JJ where MW ^S is the weight of fluid slurry precipitated from a precipitated portion of the fluid after allowing time to precipitate into the fluid of high gravity solids, when the fluid is in low shear conditions or no shear;
where pj ^s for each of the components of the precipitated part is selected to be adjusted to a design temperature and pressure in the well portion or where pj ^s for each of the components of the precipitated part to be within 30% pj ¹ of each one of the fluid components, respectively;
where φ / is the volume fraction of each component of the precipitated portion, where:
the rate of φ / for each of the high gravity solids to φ / for the water phase is selected to be within a 20% rate of φ /
3/6 for each of the high gravity solids for φ / for the water phase, respectively;
φ / for each of the low gravity solids is selected to be anywhere in the range of 0 to 2 times φ / for each of the low gravity solids, respectively;
the sum of φ / for the water phase, φ / for each of the high gravity solids and φ / for each of the low gravity solids is selected to be anywhere in the range of 0.5 to 0.75; and ο φ / for the oil phase is selected to be the balance between the volume fraction of the precipitated portion;
(D) designing or obtaining well flow conditions in the well;
(E) determine whether MW ^S is sufficient for the control of the well or avoid an equivalent circulation density greater than 0.05 ppg in the well;
(F) modify the liquid or flow conditions to control the well or avoid the difference in circulation density equivalent to more than 0.1 ppg in the well; and (G) flow the fluid into the well.
[4]
4. Method according to claim 3, characterized in that the precipitated portion of the fluid is a lower portion of the fluid under a 48-hour laboratory static aging test at the design temperature of the well part.
[5]
Method according to claim 3, characterized in that pj ^s for each component of the precipitated portion is selected to be anywhere within 10% of the pj ¹ of each component of the fluid.
[6]
6. Method according to claim 3, characterized by the fact that pj ^s for each component of the precipitated portion is selected to be anywhere within 10% of pj ¹ of each
4/6 fluid component.
[7]
7. Method according to claim 3, characterized in that the ratio of φ / for each of the high gravity solids to φ / for the water phase is selected to be approximately equal to the ratio φ / for each of high gravity solids to φ / for the water phase, respectively,
[8]
8. Method according to claim 3, characterized by the fact that φ / for each of the low gravity solids is selected to be anywhere in the range of 0.8 to 1.2 times of φ / each of the low gravity solids .
[9]
9. Method according to claim 3, characterized by the fact that φ / for each low gravity solids is selected to be approximately equal to φ / for each low gravity solids.
[10]
10. Method according to claim 3, characterized by the fact that the sum of φ / for the water phase, φ / for each of the high gravity solids and φ / for each of the low gravity solids is selected to be anywhere in the range of 0.60 to 0.70.
[11]
11. Method according to claim 3, characterized by the fact that the sum of φ / for the water phase, φ / for each of the high gravity solids and φ / for each of the low gravity solids is selected to be anywhere in the range of 0.63 to 0.68.
[12]
12. Method according to claim 3, characterized in that the oil phase comprises crude oil, petroleum distillates, diesel, kerosene, gas oils, crude petroleum oils, gas oils, fuel oils, paraffin oils, mineral oils, low toxicity mineral oils, other petroleum distillates, polyolefins, polydiorganosiloxanes, siloxanes, organosiloxanes and any combination thereof.
[13]
13. Method according to claim 3, characterized
5/6 by the fact that the water phase comprises a water-soluble salt or soluble liquid.
[14]
Method according to claim 13, characterized in that the water-soluble salt is selected from the group consisting of: an alkali metal halide, alkaline earth halide, alkali metal formate and any combination of these.
[15]
15. Method according to claim 13, characterized in that the water-soluble salt is an inorganic salt.
[16]
16. Method according to claim 3, characterized in that one or more high gravity solids each has a particle size distribution in which 90% or more of the particles are anywhere in the range of 0, 1 micrometer to 500 micrometers.
[17]
17. Method according to claim 3, characterized by the fact that the one or more solids of high gravity comprise barite.
[18]
18. Method according to claim 3, characterized by the fact that one or more low gravity solids each has a density greater than the density of the continuous oil phase as measured under standard laboratory conditions.
[19]
19. Method according to claim 3, characterized by the fact that one or more low gravity solids each has a particle size distribution in which 90% or more of the particles are anywhere in the range of 0, 1 micrometer to 500 micrometers.
[20]
20. Method according to claim 3, characterized by the fact that the determination step or the forecast step is performed with the aid of a computer device.
[21]
21. Method according to claim 3, characterized in that it additionally comprises the step of circulating the fluid in the well at a fluid circulation rate of less than 100 feet / min.
[22]
22. Method according to claim 3, characterized
6/6 by the fact that it comprises the stage of fluid circulation in the well at a circulation rate of less than 100 feet / min or with a drill pipe rotation speed of less than 100 RPM anywhere in the well for at least 1 hour.
[23]
23. Method according to claim 3, characterized by the fact that the inclination of the borehole is in the range of 20 ° to 60 ° in relation to the horizontal.

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同族专利:

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公开号 | 公开日

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WO2014113144A1|2014-07-24|

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EP2946062A4|2016-09-28|

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CA2892940A1|2014-07-24|

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MX358880B|2018-08-31|

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AR094544A1|2015-08-12|

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AU2013374225A1|2015-06-04|

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CA2892940C|2018-05-29|

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MX2015008405A|2016-02-17|

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US9187966B2|2015-11-17|

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EP2946062A1|2015-11-25|

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EP2946062B1|2019-02-20|

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AU2013374225B2|2016-05-26|

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US20140202772A1|2014-07-24|

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法律状态:
2018-11-21| B06F| Objections, documents and/or translations needed after an examination request according [chapter 6.6 patent gazette]|

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2020-03-03| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: procedure suspended [chapter 6.21 patent gazette]|

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2020-09-01| B11B| Dismissal acc. art. 36, par 1 of ipl - no reply within 90 days to fullfil the necessary requirements|

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2021-10-13| B350| Update of information on the portal [chapter 15.35 patent gazette]|

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